{"id":147,"date":"2011-05-30T01:18:07","date_gmt":"2011-05-30T06:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/talossan.org\/?page_id=147"},"modified":"2011-05-30T01:18:07","modified_gmt":"2011-05-30T06:18:07","slug":"stress","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/?page_id=147","title":{"rendered":"Stress"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Stress is the word used to indicate which of the syllables of a word is given primary emphasis in a word when spoken. For example, in English, the word &#8220;discus&#8221; (the disc that is hurled in the Olympic event) is &#8220;stressed&#8221; on the first syllable &#8220;dis-&#8220;, while the word &#8220;discuss&#8221; (to talk about something) is &#8220;stressed&#8221; on the second syllable &#8220;-cuss&#8221;. In English this distinction is not marked in any way (other than the doubling of the letter <strong>s <\/strong>in this particular case).<\/p>\n<p>Because English does not have a system of stress marking, typically, the stress of an English word must be learned and memorised. Some rules exist to help determine the placement of stress in English words, but English is rife with exceptions to these rules.<\/p>\n<p>Talossan, on the other hand, has both:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a definite rule that determines where stress is placed on words in which no vowel is marked (that is, this rule determines which syllable is in &#8220;default stress position&#8221; in a word, and therefore need not be marked) and<\/li>\n<li>an easy to use system of stressmarking that is used consistently to mark all words in which the spoken stress is to be placed on a syllable that is not in &#8220;default stress position&#8221;. (That is, by marking a stressed <strong>e<\/strong> to become <strong>\u00e9<\/strong>, a stressed <strong>\u00e4<\/strong> to become <strong>\u00e3<\/strong>, and so forth.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Determining the Stressed Syllable<\/h2>\n<p>Students familiar with Spanish and other Romance languages are probably quite at home with the concept of stressmarking only when necessary, and omitting stressmarks when stress falls in the &#8220;default position&#8221; for that language. The stress rule in Spanish, for example, is that (unless otherwise marked) stress falls on the p\u00e6nultimate (second-to-last) syllable of all words that end in a vowel, or <strong>n <\/strong>or <strong>s<\/strong>; otherwise, stress falls on the word&#8217;s final syllable. This is why a Spanish name like <em>Jos\u00e9 <\/em>is stressmarked as is a Spanish word like <em>m\u00e9dico<\/em>, while words such as <em>toro <\/em>(stressed on the initial syllable <strong>to-<\/strong>) and <em>matador <\/em>(stressed on the final syllable <strong>-dor<\/strong>) contain no stressmark. [One interesting note here while speaking of Spanish stress; note the necessary stressmarking that is done in only one of the two similar surnames <em>Gonzales<\/em> and <em>Gonz\u00e1lez<\/em>.]<\/p>\n<p>Talossan&#8217;s stress rule, given below, is perhaps a bit more complicated than the rule in Spanish, but not so much so that you should be intimidated. With a bit of practice, the stress system will begin to come naturally to you.<\/p>\n<table border=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">THE STRESS RULE:<\/span><\/strong>If any syllable of a word contains a stress-marked vowel, then that syllable is stressed. Otherwise, the syllable to be stressed is determined by applying this Rule of Stress:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Stress falls on the syllable containing the final vowel that is either marked with an\u00a0umlaut (<strong>\u00e4<\/strong>, <strong>\u00f6<\/strong>, or <strong>\u00fc<\/strong>) or followed by a consonant, after ignoring word-terminal <strong>-s<\/strong> and the word endings <strong>-en(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-ent(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-er(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-esch(en)<\/strong>, <strong>-eu(x)<\/strong>, <strong>-ica(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-ic(i)<\/strong>, <strong>-(esch)laiset(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-lor<\/strong>, <strong>-mint(s)<\/strong>, <strong>-p(h)\u00e4ts<\/strong>, and <strong>-sqab(s)<\/strong> (if the word ends with one of\u00a0these). For the purposes of this rule, an <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> that immediately follows any vowel,\u00a0and an <strong>e<\/strong> that immediately follows an a, are treated as consonants.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--\nIf any syllable of a word contains a vowel adorned with a stress mark, that syllable is the one that is stressed.  Otherwise, the syllable to be stressed is determined by applying this Rule of Stress.\n\n\n<ol>\n\t\n\n<li>Word-final <b>s<\/b> and any of the suffixes <strong>&#8209;mint<\/strong>, <strong>&#8209;laiset<\/strong>, <strong>&#8209;p\u00e4ts<\/strong> (and its variant <strong>&#8209;ph\u00e4ts<\/strong>), <strong>&#8209;sqab<\/strong>, and <strong>&#8209;tt\u00e4<\/strong> (whether or not any of these suffixes are followed by <b>&#8209;s<\/b>) do not affect the position of the stress on the rest of the word, so if any one of those is present, analyse the word for stress as if that ending simply were not there.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>If a word ends with an umlaut-marked vowel, that vowel is stressed.  Otherwise...\n\t\n\n<li>Stress falls on the vocalic (vowel group) containing the vowel before the final \"brace\" of the word:\n\n\n<ul>\n\t\n\n<li>Any consonant or group of consonants (except a word-terminal <b>s<\/b>) is a brace.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>Any glide (except for the <b>u<\/b> in <b>eu<\/b>) is a brace.\n\t\n\n<li>Additionally, each of the following constructions is a single brace: <strong>&#8209;en<\/strong>, <strong>&#8209;ent<\/strong> (and <strong>&#8209;ient<\/strong> and <strong>&#8209;uent<\/strong>), <strong>&#8209;er<\/strong>, <strong>&#8209;eux<\/strong>, <strong>&#8209;ic<\/strong>, and <strong>&#8209;ilor<\/strong>.<\/ul>\n\n\n<\/li>\n\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">NOTES:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>In words like <i>mici<\/i> (= crumbs), <i>troica<\/i> (= trio), and <i>ricas<\/i> (= windrows), in which the stress rule fails to identify a stressed syllable, stress falls on the first syllable.<\/li>\n<li>The optional final-syllable stress\u00a0on a verb conjugated into the third-person\u00a0singular future tense form is not marked. For instance, we\u00a0write <em>lirarha<\/em> (= he\/she\/it will read), even though a speaker may stress the\u00a0final syllable. [The final-syllable stress on the irregular verb\u00a0conjugations <em>isch\u00e0<\/em> (= &#8216;he\/she\/it will go\/come&#8217;), <em>s\u00e4per\u00e0<\/em> (= &#8216;he\/she\/it will\u00a0know&#8217;), and <em>ser\u00e0<\/em> (= &#8216;he\/she\/it will be&#8217;) is not optional, and is marked.]<\/li>\n<li>The words <i>azul<\/i> (= &#8216;greetings&#8217;), <i>acest<\/i> (= &#8216;this, that&#8217;), <i>vidarh<\/i> (= &#8216;to see&#8217;), and <i>emb\u00f9<\/i> (= &#8216;both&#8217;) may optionally be stressed on their first syllable.<\/li>\n<li>In abbreviations where omitted letters are indicated by an apostrophe,\u00a0stress is determined by the word&#8217;s original spelling. Thus, <em>\u00e9u lament&#8217;<\/em> (= &#8216;I\u00a0am sorry&#8217;) is stressed on the e, and <em>treslais&#8217;t<\/em> (= &#8216;third&#8217;) is stressed on the e.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>By these rules, default stress falls on the final syllable \u2013 <i>cunce\u00dfetz<\/i> (= you all admit) \u2013, the p\u00e6nultimate syllable \u2013 <i>cunce\u00dfent<\/i> (= we\/they admit) \u2013, or the antep\u00e6nultimate syllable \u2013 <i>cunce\u00dfadamint<\/i> (= admittedly).<br \/>\n<!--\n\t\n\n<li>A glide is a vowel that is pronounced like English <i>y<\/i> or <i>w<\/i>.  Specifically, in Talossan, a glide is either an <strong>i<\/strong> or <strong>u<\/strong> followed by any vowel, an <strong>i<\/strong> following any vowel (other than <b>i<\/b> and <b>u<\/b>), and the \u201cnon-<strong>a<\/strong>\u201d in the diphthongs <strong>ae<\/strong>, <strong>au<\/strong>, and <strong>oa<\/strong>.  (As stated in the rule, while the <strong>u<\/strong> in <strong>eu<\/strong> is phonologically a glide, it does not qualify as a brace.).<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>In words like <em>mici <\/em>(= crumbs), <em>vea <\/em>(= old [feminine]), and <em>ricas <\/em>(= windrows), in which no vocalic precedes the final brace of the word, stress falls on the first vocalic.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li>The optional final-syllable stress on a verb conjugated into the third-person singular future tense form is not marked.  For instance, we write <em>lirarha <\/em>(= he\/she\/it will read), even though a speaker may stress the final syllable.  [The final-syllable stress on the irregular conjugations <em>ser\u00e0 <\/em>(= he\/she\/it will be), <em>isch\u00e0 <\/em>(= he\/she\/it will change location), and <em>s\u00e4per\u00e0 <\/em>(= he\/she\/it will know) is <u>not<\/u> optional, and <u>is<\/u> marked.]<\/li>\n\n\nThrough this rule, stress on the plural form of a word almost invariably falls on the same vocalic where it falls in the word's singular form.\n\nRemembering the five \"unanalysed suffixes\" (listed in step 1 of the rule) and the endings that qualify as \"braces\" is really the most difficult part of Talossan's stress rule, but once you begin using the language, you will get a \"feel\" for it and will find yourself \"naturally\" knowing which word-endings are left unstressed.\n\nThe five unanalysed suffixes can perhaps be remembered more easily after learning a bit about them:\n\n\n<ul>\n\t\n\n<li><strong>-mint<\/strong> is the adverbial suffix, similar to English \"-ly\";<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><strong>-laiset(s)<\/strong> is the suffix added to a number to indicate a fractional part, similar to English \"-th\" as in \"fourth\", \"sixth\", etc.;<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><strong>-p(h)\u00e4ts<\/strong> is a suffix used to indicate a country name, similar to English \"-land\" or \"-dom\", as seen in <i>Finph&auml;ts<\/i> (= Finland), and in <em>regip\u00e4ts<\/em> (= kingdom);<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><strong>-sqab(s)<\/strong> is similar to the English suffix \"-hood\" or \"-ship\" or \"-ness\"; for example, the Talossan words for \"goodness\", \"ministership\" and \"brotherhood\" end with this suffix.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><strong>-tt&auml;<\/strong> is the Talossan suffix equivalent to English \"-less\".  For example, <i>casatt&auml;<\/i> (= homeless), which is stressed on its first <b>a<\/b>.<\/ul>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<p><a name=\"examples\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Stress Determination Examples<\/h2>\n<p>Here are some examples, to provide an idea of what all of this means:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>The word <i>\u00e1inxhell<\/i> (= angel) is stressed on the marked vocalic <b>ai<\/b>. Without the stressmark (i.e., <i>*ainxhell<\/i>), stress would fall on the <b>e<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>aglh\u00e9n<\/i> (= alien) is stressed on the vocalic <b>e<\/b>, as marked. In <i>*aglhen<\/i>, stress would fall on the <b>a<\/b>, as <b>-en<\/b> would be unanalysed.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>aven\u00fc<\/i> (= avenue) is stressed on the vocalic <b>\u00fc<\/b>, being a word-final umlaut-marked vowel.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>lostledan<\/i> (= beaver) is stressed on the vocalic <b>a<\/b>, which precedes the word\u2019s final consonant, <b>n<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>osprei<\/i> (= after) is stressed on the final vocalic, <b>ei<\/b>, since the letter <b>i<\/b> is considered to be a consonant for the pusposes of the rule. Thus, the vocalic containing the preceding vowel, <b>e<\/b>, is stressed.<\/li>\n<li>Similarly, the word <i>citaes<\/i> (= cities) is stressed on the vocalic <b>ae<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>c\u2019hronicas<\/i> (= chronicles) is stressed on the vowel <b>o<\/b>, which is the final vowel preceding <b>n<\/b>, the word\u2019s final consonant (with the word-ending <b>-icas<\/b> being unanalysed).<\/li>\n<li>The noun <i>corent<\/i> (= current) is stressed on the vowel <b>o<\/b>, as the vowel that precedes the final consonant, <b>r<\/b> (with <b>-ent<\/b> unanalysed).<\/li>\n<li>The adjective <i>corentic<\/i> (= current) is stressed on the vocalic <b>e<\/b>, since only <b>-ic<\/b> is unanalysed; this contrasts with stress on <i>corent<\/i> (above).<\/li>\n<li>Both <i>vir\u00fcs<\/i> (= virus) and <i>vir\u00fcsen<\/i> (= viruses) are stressed on <b>\u00fc<\/b>; in <i>vir\u00fcs<\/i>, the <b>-s<\/b> is ignored and stress is taken by the (then) final umlaut-marked vowel; as for <i>vir\u00fcsen<\/i>, <b>-en<\/b> is unanalysed and the <b>\u00fc<\/b> takes stress by virtue of preceding the word\u2019s then-final consonant, <b>s<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li>The word <i>alis<\/i> (= winged) is stressed on <b>a<\/b>, which precedes the final consonant (word-final <b>-s<\/b> being unanalysed). However, the plural form of this word, <i>alisen<\/i>, is stressed on <b>i<\/b>, as this word\u2019s unanalysed ending is <b>-en<\/b>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!--\n\t\n\n<li><em>xhurnal <\/em>(= journal, newspaper). The final vowel before the final brace of the word (which is its terminating consonant <b>l<\/b>) is <b>a<\/b>, so stress falls on that vowel.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>xhurnalatsch <\/em>(= tabloid newspaper), built from the example word above and the suffix <strong>-atsch<\/strong> (= bad). Again, the final vowel before the final brace in the word is <strong>a<\/strong> (this time in the suffix, with the consonant group <b>tsch<\/b> being the word's final brace), so this vowel is stressed.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>c\u00fcfter <\/em>(= clemency). Here the ending <strong>-er<\/strong> is a brace, so the vowel <strong>\u00fc<\/strong> is the vowel that precedes it, and so this vowel receives stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>comica <\/em>(= comedy). Here the ending <strong>-ica<\/strong> is a brace, meaning that the word is stressed on the vowel <strong>o<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>Sveiria <\/em>(= Sweden). This word is stressed on the diphthong <strong>ei<\/strong>, being the vocalic before the final brace of the word (which is the consonant <b>r<\/b>).<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>iraschen\u00e7a <\/em>(= anger). The stressed vowel here is the vowel <strong>e<\/strong>, as it is the final vowel before the final brace, which is the consonant group <b>n&ccedil;<\/b>).<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>c\u00fczin <\/em>(= cousin) and <em>c\u00fczina <\/em>(= female cousin) are both stressed on the vowel <strong>i<\/strong>, as it precedes the word's final brace, which is <b>n<\/b>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>patreu <\/em>(= father) and <em>patreux <\/em>(= fathers) are both stressed on the vowel <strong>a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>Zecemvar <\/em>(= December) is stressed on the vowel <strong>a<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>cunsequamint <\/em>(= consequently) ends with the unanalysed suffix <strong>-mint<\/strong>, and after ignoring this, we see that this word is stressed on the vocalic <strong>e<\/strong>, as it is the final vowel before the final brace in <strong>cunsequa-<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>regip\u00e4ts <\/em>(= kingdom) is stressed on the vowel <strong>e <\/strong>because the suffix <strong>-p\u00e4ts<\/strong> is unanalysed and ignored, making <strong>e <\/strong>the final vowel before the final brace (in <b>regi-<\/b>).<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>regip\u00e4tsilor <\/em>(= kingdoms) is stressed on the vowel <strong>\u00e4<\/strong>, since the ending <strong>&#8209;ilor<\/strong> is a brace, and <strong>\u00e4<\/strong> is the final vowel before that brace.  (The plural form of words that end with <b>&#8209;p(h)&auml;ts<\/b> is the sole general case in which stress shifts from one syllable to another when a Talossan word is pluralised.)<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>gratis<\/em> (= free of charge) is stressed on the vocalic <b>a<\/b>, since the final brace in this word is the consonant <b>t<\/b>.  However, the plural form <em>gratisen<\/em> is stressed on <b>i<\/b>, since the final brace in this word is <b>&#8209;en<\/b>.  Such a stress shift is rare in Talossan, only occurring in a small number of words.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>corent<\/em> (= current [noun]) is stressed on the vocalic <b>o<\/b>, being the final vowel before the word's final brace (which is <b>-ent<\/b>).<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>corentic<\/em> (= current [adjective]) is stressed on the vocalic <b>e<\/b>, as this is the final vowel before the brace <b>&#8209;ic<\/b>; this contrasts with stress on <em>corent <\/em>(above).  That is, although both <b>-ent<\/b> and <b>-ic<\/b> are braces, it is the vowel before the <u>final<\/u> such ending that receives stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>cadavulens<\/em> (= pack animal) is stressed on the vocalic <b>e<\/b>.  The final <b>-s<\/b> is a brace, since it follows <b>n<\/b>, and thus the preceding vocalic receives stress.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>parti<\/em> (= party) and <em>partis<\/em> (= parties) are both stressed on the vocalic <b>a<\/b>.  The final <b>-s<\/b> is not a brace, so the final brace in both words is the consonant <b>t<\/b>.\n\t\n\n<li><em>osprei <\/em>(= after) is stressed on its final syllable, since the <b>i<\/b> is a glide, and thus a brace.  The vowel <b>e<\/b> is the final vowel before this brace, so the vocalic containing that vowel (which is the diphthong <strong>ei<\/strong>) is stressed.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>gramaicas<\/em> (= grammars) is stressed on the vocalic <b>ai<\/b>.  The final <b>-s<\/b> is not a brace, so the final brace is recognised to be <b>-ic<\/b>, meaning that the vocalic containing the preceding <b>a<\/b> is stressed.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>titaes<\/em> (= titans) is stressed on the diphthong <strong>ae<\/strong>, as the terminating <b>s<\/b> is not a brace, but the glide <b>e<\/b> is, and <b>a<\/b> is the vowel preceding that brace.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>seifetziua <\/em>(= week) is stressed on the diphthong <strong>iu<\/strong>, because <b>u<\/b> (being followed by a vowel) is an glide, and therefore the final brace of the word.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>circ\u00fcs<\/em> (= circus) and <em>circ\u00fcsen<\/em> (= circuses) are both stressed on the vocalic <b>&uuml;<\/b>, since the final braces in these words are <b>&#8209;s<\/b> and <b>&#8209;en<\/b>, respectively.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>citaxhien<\/em> (= citizen) and <em>citaxhiens<\/em> (= citizens) are both stressed on the vocalic <b>ie<\/b>, in the first case since the final brace is <b>&#8209;en<\/b>, meaning that the vocalic containing the preceding vowel (<b>i<\/b>) is stressed, and in the second case since the final brace is <b>&#8209;ns<\/b>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>grinf&egrave;<\/em> (= talon) and <em>grinfens<\/em> (= talons) are both stressed on the vocalic <b>e<\/b>, in the first case due to the explicit stress mark, and in the second because the final brace is <b>&#8209;ns<\/b>.<\/li>\n\n\n\t\n\n<li><em>glici <\/em>(= clever [plural]), <em>vlici <\/em>(= shellfish [plural]), and <em>snici <\/em>(= sniffles) are all stressed on their first syllable, since the rule fails to identify a vocalic to be stressed.<\/li>\n\n\n--><\/p>\n<p>Notice that in some specific cases, the plural form of a word will allow a stress mark seen to indicate irregular stress on the singular form to be removed. For example, <i>grinf\u00e8<\/i> (= talon) is pluralised as <i>grinfens<\/i>, <i>tepist\u00e0<\/i> (= hooligan) as <i>tepistaes<\/i>, and <i>cumpet\u00e9ns<\/i> (= cool) as <i>cumpetensen<\/i>. Rules for creating Talossan plurals are covered in more detail on <a href=\"\/?page_id=170\">another Webpage<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><center><a href=\"\/?page_id=155\"><input class=\"inputSubmit\" type=\"button\" value=\"Next: How Letter Combinations are Separated in Writing...\" \/><\/a><\/center><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stress is the word used to indicate which of the syllables of a word is given primary emphasis in a word when spoken. For example, in English, the word &#8220;discus&#8221; (the disc that is hurled in the Olympic event) is &#8220;stressed&#8221; on the first syllable &#8220;dis-&#8220;, while the word &#8220;discuss&#8221; (to talk about something) is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"onecolumn-page.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/147"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=147"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/147\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}