{"id":197,"date":"2011-05-30T01:56:01","date_gmt":"2011-05-30T06:56:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/talossan.org\/?page_id=197"},"modified":"2011-05-30T01:56:01","modified_gmt":"2011-05-30T06:56:01","slug":"auxiliary-aspects","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.talossan.org\/?page_id=197","title":{"rendered":"Auxiliary Aspects"},"content":{"rendered":"

Talossan has a number of non-simple aspects, which are formed using auxiliary verbs that introduce another verb. The most established auxiliiary aspects are the perfect, imperfective, retrospective, manitive, prospective, and continuative aspects.<\/p>\n

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The Perfect Aspect<\/h2>\n

Talossan creates the perfect aspect very much like it is formed in English. The perfect aspect in English is seen in phrases like “I have eaten”, “you must have heard me say this before”, “she had departed”, and “they will have seen you”.<\/p>\n

In brief, the perfect aspect is created in English using a form of the verb “to have” followed by the past participle of another verb. And it is formed exactly that same way in Talossan, using a form of the verb tirh <\/em>(= to have) followed by the past participle of another verb.<\/p>\n

For example, t\u00e9u menxhat <\/em>(= I have eaten), tu tent auscultat qe z\u00edu acest avant<\/i> (= you have heard me say this before), a tignhova zespartat <\/em>(= she had departed), and os te tischent videscu <\/em>(= they will have seen you).<\/p>\n

Notice that the past participle used in the perfect aspect is never made feminine, even if the subject is feminine. That is, it would be improper to say a tignhova zespartada <\/em>for “she had departed”; zespartat <\/em>(or zespartescu<\/em>) is proper.<\/p>\n

The past participle also is not made into its plural form in this construction, even if the subject is plural. For example, it would be improper to say os te tischent videschti <\/em>for “they will have seen you; videscu <\/em>(or v\u00edut<\/em>) is proper.<\/p>\n

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The Imperfective Aspect<\/h2>\n

The imperfect aspect is used when indicating habitual or ongoing action that is not a single specific activity. In English, such concepts are expressed either using the simple present tense (as in “I swim at the lake”) or, for past customs, phrases like “used to” (as in “I used to swim at the lake”). In Talossan, the expression of such a concept is done by a conjugation of the verb estarh <\/em>(= to be) followed by the infinitive form of another verb, using one of the linking prepositions (\u00e0<\/em> or da<\/em>).<\/p>\n

For example, \u00e9u sint \u00e0 naxharh \u00e0l lac <\/em>(= I swim at the lake) and \u00e9u f\u00fct \u00e0 naxharh \u00e0l lac <\/em>(= I used to swim at the lake).<\/p>\n

Notice that, as usual, the use of the linking preposition da<\/i> (rather than \u00e0<\/i>) indicates that the action of infinitive verb is denied rather than indicated. For example, \u00e9u sint da<\/span> naxharh \u00e0l lac <\/em>(= I do not<\/span> swim at the lake) and \u00e9u f\u00fct da<\/span> naxharh \u00e0l lac <\/em>(= I used to not<\/span> swim at the lake).<\/p>\n

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The Prospective Aspect<\/h2>\n

Talossan has a prospective aspect, which is used to indicate actions that will take place in an unspecified future. This aspect can be compared to the English “going to” (often colloquially shortened to “gonna”) and the Spanish ir a<\/em> (as in voy a comer <\/em>= I am going to [will] eat).<\/p>\n

There are two forms that the Talossan prospective aspect can take. One form uses a conjugation of the verb fa\u00e7arh <\/em>(= to do\/make) followed by an infinitive verb form, with a linking preposition indicating the positive or negative nature of the active verb. For example, fa\u00e7\u00e9u da menxharh<\/em> (= I am going to avoid eating; that is, I will not eat). The second, more colloquial, method uses a conjugation of the verb of motion irh <\/em>followed by an infinitive verb form without<\/span> a linking preposition. For example, v\u00e9u menxharh<\/em> (= I am going to [i.e.<\/em>, will] eat). The phrase va estarh<\/em> (= is going to be) is sometimes contracted to va’starh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Constructions in tenses other than the present may also be used. For example, ieiri fa\u00e7ev\u00e1s da dialarh-la, oxhi fa\u00e7\u00e1s da dialarh-la, es dem\u00e0 fa\u00e7arh\u00e1s da dialarh-la; imr\u00e8 fa\u00e7\u00e1s da dialarh-la, mas la dial\u00e1s ca\u2019scu ziua <\/em>(= yesterday you were not going to telephone her, today you are not going to telephone her, and tomorrow you will be not going to telephone her; you are always not going to telephone her, but you telephone her everyday). Notice that the prospective aspect differs from the future tense in that while tenses may not be “piled” onto tenses in a single phrase, the prospective aspect may (as shown here) be combined with the future tense, to indicate a “future future”.<\/p>\n

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The Retrospective and Manitive Aspects<\/h2>\n

Actions that have just been completed or that are just about to begin are expressed in Talossan using the retrospective aspect and the manitive aspect, respectively. Both of these aspects are created using a form of the verb vi\u00e9narh <\/em>(which is used only for this special purpose) followed by the infinitive form of another verb. The choice of the linking preposition \u00e0<\/em> (= to) or da <\/em>(= from) determines whether the action is about to begin or has just completed.<\/p>\n

For example, \u00e9u viens \u00e0 menxharh <\/em>(= I am about to eat) and \u00e9u viens da menxharh<\/em> (= I just ate).<\/p>\n

Constructions in these aspects can of course be cast into other tenses, moods, and voices. For example, o veneva da menxharh<\/em> (= he was just finished eating), o venarha da menxharh<\/em> (= he will be just finished eating), and \u00a1qe non venadr\u00e9u da menxharh!<\/em> (= [would] that I had not just finished eating!).<\/p>\n

The verb vi\u00e9narh<\/em> originally meant “to come” but this meaning (and many of the conjugated forms of vi\u00e9narh<\/em>) has been appropriated by the verb irh <\/em>(originally only “to go”), which now is the “verb of motion”, meaning both “to go” and “to come”. The fact that these two verbs share some conjugated forms does not cause any confusion, however, since only vi\u00e9narh <\/em>is used with a governed infinitive. For example:<\/p>\n